Copper
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the element copper. Basic information is provided, inclusive of its many uses. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA614cu.rtf

Creatine Phosphate
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the biochemistry of creatine phosphate, a crucial element in the production of muscle energy. The writer discusses its function, structure, and pathways. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khpo3.rtf

Defining Osmosis
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This 5 page report discusses and explains the concept of osmosis which is how one element or ingredient of a solution flows through a membrane while other components of a solutuon are shut out and unable to pass through the membrane. In order to determine which membranes allow the flow of which constituents of a solution requires experimentation since not all membranes act the same way. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWosmos.rtf

Dental Fillings The History, Types and Uses
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An 8 page discussion of the history of dental fillings. Traces the filling from ancient times to present exploring the various types of materials which were used. Explains that the choice of filling is related to performance but also to availability and cost. Notes that the evolutionary path of fillings is tied as well to the evolutionary paths of other dentistry aspects such as drill evolution and the development of molding techniques and materials. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdentFi.doc

Discuss how well Popper’s model of Conjectures and Refutations applies to Fleming's Work on Penicillin
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A paper which considers the differences between Popper's methodology and that of the inductionists, and applies the theories to Fleming's discovery of penicillin. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: JLpoper.rtf

Dr. Willis H. Carrier: Father of Air Conditioning
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A 6 page paper which examines the life and contribution of Dr. Willis H. Carrier, the Father of Air Conditioning. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAaircn.rtf

Drug Chemistry: The Effect of Ionization of Absorption and Excretion
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A 4 page overview of the relation of drug ionization, specifically of whether the drug is a weak acid or a weak base, to its absorption into the body and consequent excretion from the body. Notes a differential absorption and excretion, according to physiological pH, as to where the drug is absorbed and when it is excreted. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPdrugCh.rtf

Early Photography: The Calotype
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(7pp) The base of a calotype negative, rather than the glass or film to which we have become accustomed, was high quality writing paper. The sheet of paper was carefully selected to have a smooth and uniform texture and, wherever possible, to avoid the watermark. It was offered as the chief alternative to the Daguerreotype and was more popular with amateur photographers, artists, and scientists, who used it widely, since the negative could be corrected with pencil. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BBcalotp.doc

Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on G Proteins
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This 12 page report discusses the effects of volatile (inhalation) anesthetics on G-proteins. G proteins are a key to the chemical “switches” that get take place in order to communicate messages in the body. As the receptors react, they change shape which then allows for the G protein to also change. It releases the a GDP molecule and grabs onto a related molecule called GTP. Having attached the GTP to itself, it then acts on membrane processes such as enzymes and ion channels. That process then results in a new “messenger” molecule -- cyclic AMP. An 'enzymatic cascade' then takes place because the AMP causes a protein reaction. A literature review is included that outlines a number of the projects regarding the subject that have been undertaken in the past decade. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BWvolane.rtf

Energy Transfer in Cells
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This 5 page paper considers energy transfer in cells. The writer looks at the process, defining what is meant by energy and how it can be seen as a two way function of energy transformation. The writer includes consideration of the Laws of Thermodynamics, the role of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and metabolic pathways. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEcellen.doc

Enzymes and the Krebs Cycle
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A 5 page paper discussing enzymes at their most basic level. Comprised of amino acids, enzymes are the catalysts of myriad biochemical reactions. In keeping with the true nature of catalysts, they accelerate and enable reactions without being materially affected themselves. The second section of the paper presents a diagram of the Krebs or citric acid cycle. Taking place in the mitochondria of the cell, the citric acid cycle is the last in a series of steps that convert 'food' into 'energy.' Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSenzyme.wps

Equilibrium and Drinking Water Purification
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A 5 page exploration of the chemical factors that facilitate the use of reverse osmosis to purify drinking water. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: PPosmosisReverseSaltWater.rtf